c program for range minimum query

In this blog post we are going to learn how to write c program for range minimum query.

What is range minimum query?

The range minimum query is a problem of finding minimum value in a given range. For example give an array of integers {1,2,4,8,5,3,2,0,9} what is minimum value in sub-array from index 2 to 5 ?

The minimum value in sub-array (position from 2 to 5) is 3 and position is 5th index.

Naive c program for range minimum query

It is very easy to find minimum in a given range. simply compare each elements in a given range and print final minimum. Let see simple c program.

#include <stdio.h>

int RMQ(int arr [], int range_start, int range_end)
{
    int minimum = arr [ range_start];
    
    for (int i = range_start + 1; i <= range_end; i++)
    {
        if (minimum > arr [ i])
        {
            minimum = arr [ i];
        }
    }
    return minimum;
}
int main()
{
    int arr [ 9] =
    { 1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 3, 2, 0, 9 };
    int ans = RMQ(arr, 2, 5);
    printf("%d\n", ans);
    return 0;
}

The algorithmic complexity of above solution is O(n)in worst case. Can we solve this problem with less than O(n) complexity.

Segment tree based c program for range minimum

Let us discuss what is segment tree? Segment tree is a tree like data structure which stores information about intervals. For example for our array of integers {1,2,4,8,5,3,2,0,9} , the segment tree will stores minimum between intervals or range.

To reduce time complexity for finding minimum between a given range ( sub-array) we will pre-process our array {1,2,4,8,5,3,2,0,9} and build a segment tree.

How to build segment tree from given array of integers

Let us see segment tree for array {1,2,4,8,5,3,2,0,9}

1. Root of the segment tree contains minimum value in entire range [0,8].
2. Each of the segment is divided into two segments, one segment contains information about interval from i to ((i + j)/2) and other one contains information about interval ((i+j)/2+1) to j.
3. The division continue till each each segment contains only one element i.e i == j.
4. The building of segment tree has O(NlogN) complexity.

what could be maximum size of segment tree if we represent segment tree based on array?

From  above diagram of segment tree , each segment is divided into two segments until each segment becomes one. In this way we can write code like below to calculate require size of segment tree

int getRequireSizeOfSegmTree(int arr_size)
{
    int size = 1;
    for (; size <= arr_size; size <<= 1);
    return size + 1;
}

So if the size of an array is N the required size could be 2N -1.

Now we have built our segment tree. Let us see how to query from segment tree

1. Let us suppose we want a minimum value from range x, to y.
2. Check if the range (x,y) is valid , it might be outside of the entire range.
3. if range (x,y) is valid search in left and right child and return minimum of left and right.

Sample implementation

#include <stdio.h>
#include<limits.h>
#include<malloc.h>

int getRequireSizeOfSegmTree(int arr_size)
{
    int size = 1;
    for (; size <= arr_size; size <<= 1)
        ;
    return size + 1;
}

void build_seg_tree(int segmentTree [], int arr [], int start, int end,
        int current)
{

    if (start == end)
    {
        segmentTree [ current] = arr [ start];
        return;
    }

    int mid = (start + end) / 2;
    int leftchild = 2 * current + 1;
    int rightchild = 2 * current + 2;

    build_seg_tree(segmentTree, arr, start, mid, leftchild);
    build_seg_tree(segmentTree, arr, mid + 1, end, rightchild);

    if (segmentTree [ leftchild] < segmentTree [ rightchild])
    {
        segmentTree [ current] = segmentTree [ leftchild];
    }
    else
    {
        segmentTree [ current] = segmentTree [ rightchild];
    }
}

int RMQHelper(int segmentTree [], int qs, int qe, int start, int end,
        int current_pos)
{

    //if the current range is invalid
    //the query interval return -1
    if (qs > end || qe < start) return INT_MAX;

    //if the query interval is within range
    if (start >= qs && end <= qe) return segmentTree [ current_pos];

    // find middle
    int mid = (start + end) / 2;
    //search in left
    int left = RMQHelper(segmentTree, qs, qe, start, mid, 2 * current_pos + 1);
    //search in right
    int right = RMQHelper(segmentTree, qs, qe, mid + 1, end,
            2 * current_pos + 2);

    // return minimum
    if (left > right) return right;
    else
        return left;
}

int RMQ(int segmentTree [], int qs, int qe, int size)
{
    return RMQHelper(segmentTree, qs, qe, 0, size, 0);
}

void test_RMQ(int segmentTree [], int arr_length, int arr [])
{
    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 0, 0, arr_length) == arr [ 0]) printf("0 0 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("0 0 FAIL\n");
    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 1, 1, arr_length) == arr [ 1]) printf("1 1 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("1 1 FAIL\n");
    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 2, 2, arr_length) == arr [ 2]) printf("2 2 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("2 2 FAIL\n");
    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 3, 3, arr_length) == arr [ 3]) printf("3 3 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("3 3 FAIL\n");
    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 4, 4, arr_length) == arr [ 4]) printf("4 4 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("4 4 FAIL\n");
    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 5, 5, arr_length) == arr [ 5]) printf("5 5 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("5 5 FAIL\n");
    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 6, 6, arr_length) == arr [ 6]) printf("6 6 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("6 6 FAIL\n");

    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 7, 7, arr_length) == arr [ 7]) printf("7 7 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("7 7 FAIL\n");

    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 8, 8, arr_length) == arr [ 8]) printf("8 8 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("8 8 FAIL\n");

    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 9, 9, arr_length) == INT_MAX) printf("9 9 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("9 9 FAIL\n");

    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 0, 1, arr_length) == arr [ 0]) printf("0 1 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("0 1 FAIL\n");

    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 2, 5, arr_length) == arr [ 5]) printf("2 5 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("2 5 FAIL\n");

    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 4, 6, arr_length) == arr [ 6]) printf("4 6 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("4 6 FAIL\n");

    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 3, 7, arr_length) == arr [ 7]) printf("3 7 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("3 7 FAIL\n");
    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 1, 3, arr_length) == arr [ 1]) printf("1 3 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("1 3 FAIL\n");

    if (RMQ(segmentTree, 0, 8, arr_length) == arr [ 7]) printf("0 8 PASS\n");
    else
        printf("0 8 FAIL\n");
}

int main()
{
    int arr [] =
    { 1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 3, 2, 0, 9 };
    int arr_size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr [ 0]);
    int segm_tree_size = getRequireSizeOfSegmTree(arr_size);
    int *segmtree = (int*) malloc(sizeof(int) * segm_tree_size);
    build_seg_tree(segmtree, arr, 0, arr_size - 1, 0);
    // test
    test_RMQ(segmtree, arr_size - 1, arr);
    return 0;
}

Ref:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_minimum_query

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